Cows in India: Shantideva's Utilitarianism

oleh Roma Kyo Kae Saniro Dosen Universitas Andalas

JurnalPost.com - If we hear about cows during this Ramadan month, especially in Indonesia, we would think of dishes made from beef, such as rendang, satay, beef stew, beef jerky, rawon, empal gentong, spicy stir-fried beef, beef curry, and spicy beef. However, this does not apply in India. Beef-based dishes are uncommon for people in India. This is because cows are considered sacred creatures and, therefore, cannot be consumed.

Cows hold significant meaning in Hinduism as they are revered as manifestations or representations of Mother Earth, symbolizing the welfare provider for the entire planet. It is crucial to note that, in a historical context, the majority of Hindus do not view cows as gods themselves. However, cows are highly respected and considered sacred beings, serving as powerful symbols of life that must be protected and revered. This perspective is not merely an assumption but is reinforced by a unique and dedicated holiday known as "Cow Day," celebrated every year on 19 November by Hindus. During this auspicious celebration, cows are ritually bathed, adorned with bright flowers, and paraded through the streets, exemplifying the reverence and honor bestowed upon these noble creatures. The elaborate rituals and unique treatments given to cows during this event prove their esteemed status in Hindu society.

Furthermore, livestock holds a profound connection with existence. For followers of Hinduism, cows are regarded as extraordinary beings capable of offering their resources for the benefit of human life. Slaughtering, harming, and consuming beef are strictly prohibited in Hinduism. Cows are recognized as a source of human life because of their capacity to produce five essential substances for daily life, including milk, cheese, butter, urine, and cow dung. Notably, a cow is also considered more noble than its mother. This idea is reinforced by the proclamation of Mahatma Gandhi, who stated that a cow providing milk is more noble than the mother who gives birth to us. Every religion practiced by society has its own set of teachings. As faithful individuals, we must show acceptance towards the beliefs upheld by others. Consequently, in connection with the Hindu teachings prohibiting beef consumption, we must cultivate the ability to appreciate and respect these differences.

However, the issue of cows not being allowed for consumption in India poses a problem due to the large population of unproductive male or non-milking female cows, causing their numbers to soar and become problematic. Supported by data from the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairy Products, there are approximately five million cows in India. Not only wandering the streets, these cows also damage crops, cause traffic accidents, and spread diseases. This has prompted the government to take several solutions, including artificial insemination technology to control the birth of male cows and the construction of cow shelters. The government also strives to promote products that are beneficial from cow dung and urine. The large population of stray cows in India is not only a problem but also offers opportunities to change society's perception of these animals from burdens to economic opportunities. With the right solutions, stray cows can become valuable assets for Indian culture.

Despite these various problems, cows in India still embody what philosopher Shantideva regarded as alleviating the pain and suffering of all living beings, present and future. With his thoughts on utilitarianism, Shantideva emerged in the 8th century in India. His philosophical stance is anchored in the belief that we must end the suffering and hardships experienced by all living beings, both now and in the days to come. He was simultaneously fostering joy and contentment in the present as well as in the future. Through his writings, Shantideva emphasizes that reducing suffering and promoting happiness is the primary goal that humans must strive to achieve.

Furthermore, in the theory of utilitarianism, goodness is measured by the overall impact of an action on the well-being of individuals or groups. In addressing the population of stray cows in India, the utilitarian approach will consider the effects of such actions on the overall well-being of humans and animals. From the perspective of human well-being, addressing stray cows can reduce the risk of traffic accidents caused by cows, protect crops from damage, and minimize the spread of diseases that can endanger public health. Measures such as farmer patrols at night and the construction of cow shelters aim to enhance human well-being by reducing the risks and negative impacts caused by the presence of stray cows.

From the animal welfare perspective, addressing stray cows is also essential to protect cows from hunger, diseases, and injuries that may occur in the wild. Efforts such as controlled sexed semen distribution and the construction of cow shelters aim to improve animal welfare by ensuring that they receive appropriate care and are spared from adverse conditions. By considering the well-being of humans and animals, the utilitarian approach can help direct actions that provide the most significant benefit for society and the environment. Furthermore, these actions align with the teachings of Shantideva, emphasizing the reduction of suffering and the